Availability of Food and Level of Nutrition in Sagar and Durg Districts:

A comparative study

 

Sarla Sharma*, Deepchand Ahirwar,  Sewan Kumar Bharati

SOS in Geography, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur- 492010 CG India

 

ABSTRACT:

Balanced diet and sufficient nutrition is the cornerstone of the healthy life. What we eat can determine our health, stamina, resistance to stress, energy and attitude. There is a growing realization that adequate nutrition is a necessary first step in the improvement of the quality of life. The diet survey of the sample rural families of Sagar and Durg districts, though located far away, show similar poor status with respect to intake of balanced, nutritional diet and general awareness. Availability of foodstuffs and nutrition in these districts is much lower in comparison to recommended norms which are cause of anxiety.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Among the trio elements of human development, good health is one. It depends, with other things, on the nutritional level of the people. Nutrition and health status constitute integral part of human development and neglecting any one of these components can lead to the deterioration of the quality of life. A discussion on food and nutrition situation of people should begin with the pattern of composition of their regular food basket. The availability of food depends on local production and import from outside; while ability to acquire food depends on the capacity of either own production or purchase.

The purchasing power depends on food prices, food production and household income. The capacity of the rural people usually depends on the land area under his possession. Though differences in land holdings would lead to quantitative and, to some extent, qualitative differences, the food intake would still comprise of what is available for consumption with the household.

 

“The measurement of nutritional availability rests on the determination of the quality of food that may fetch human consumption locally or otherwise (Dube et al. 1984)”. “In the rural areas, malnutrition is spread and it may be due to low economic, low availability of food, tradition, ignorance etc. (Biswas, 2009)”. “Proper utilization and management of resources can make marked difference in man’s quality of life (Thakurata, 2005)”.

 

Nutritional requirement varies according to age, sex, activities and the environmental conditions. It is also true that the food habits are also controlled, to a large, extent by economic status, social customs, religious beliefs and superstitions of the people. However, consumption of food in different regions and by different categories of the people depends, to a large extent, on the local production of food items. It is true in case of rural areas where food intake varies with the size of the land holding. “According to age and body weight of men and women recommendation of daily intake of energy, protein, calcium and iron intake important exercise has been made by Kox Park in 2009.” An assessment of the Calorie intake has emerged as a significant geographical problem since long (Singh, 1972). Whereas the consumption pattern of intake of fat, protein and iron are largely influenced by socio economic status of the coal mine workers ( Dabhadker, 2012) According to Uma Gole in the rural areas, malnutrition is spread and it may be due to low economic, low availability of food, illiterate, ignorance etc. (Gole, 2003).

 

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this paper is to analyze the availability of food and level of nutrition among the rural population living in villages of two remote areas of Sagar and Durg districts with the view to see the differences in food habits of these areas in perspective of regional food production pattern and the socio-economic conditions of the people.

 

Study Area:

The districts selected for the case study are located in two different states and in quite different geographical environment. Sagar district is located on the eastern margin of the Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh and is dominantly Rabi cropped area. It extends from 23°10’ to 24°27’ North latitudes and 78°4’ to 79°21’ East longitudes, covering an area of 10,252 sq km. On the other hand, Durg district is located in the west central part of Mahanadi Basin of the Chhattisgarh state and is predominantly rice producing area. It is situated between 20°23' and 22°02' North latitudes and 80°46' and 81°58' East longitudes, covering an area of 2238 sq km.

 

METHODOLOGY:

The present study is based on household level primary data. For data collection, one development block from each district, Jaisingnagar development block of Sagar district and Patan development block of Durg district have been taken as representative. Information of food availability and consumption habits of 259 families of these blocks have been obtained with the help of interview schedules and the level of nutrition has been calculated according to ICMR recommendations. The level of nutrition has been analyzed by classifying the interviewed households into landless, marginal, small, small medium, medium and large classes.

 

Land Use and Cropping Pattern:

The present land use is dominated by farming. Food-grains are grown on 56.49 per cent in the Sagar district and 94.37 per cent in Durg district. But Sagar district is rabi crop-dominated with 52.92 per cent under these crops; while Durg district is predominantly kharif cropped area with 66.69 percent under these crops. Rice is main crop in Durg district, covering 59.83% of cropped area, followed by pulses which are grown on 27.37 percent of cropped area. Contrary to it, wheat is main food crop in Sagar district which covers 16.32% of cropped area of the district. (Table 1)

 

Dietary Habits:

The rural people of the region usually take food twice a day. Breakfast is nominal but lunch and dinner are sumptuous. All these meals include foodstuffs locally available. It is but natural because they cannot purchase major food stuffs in large quantity due to low purchasing power. Major food grains grown in these districts are presented in Table 1.

 

 

Table 1  land use and food crop Pattern in Sagar and Durg Districts

Sources: District Statistical Year Books, 2011

 

 

 

Table 2 Pattern of Per Adult Intake of Cereals and Pulses in Sagar and Durg Districts (Per day intake in grams)

Source: Based on Household Survey of 259 families

 

 

Breakfast:

Usually breakfast is taken with morning tea, biscuit and bread. But the constituents of breakfast differ widely in both districts. In the Durg district, the leftover food from the previous night (Basi) is consumed in morning. Basi (left-over of dinner rice soaked in water overnight) is the main item of breakfast of poor people in Durg district. Another preparation for breakfast is rice and angar roti (bread cooked directly on fire) which is prepared from rice flour. Contrary to it, chapatti is almost permanent component of breakfast in Sagar district.

 

Lunch:

The pej along with vegetables and pulses constitute lunch of the rural people in Durg district. Pej is boiled rice with water which is favored dish of the Chhattisgarh as a whole. Common lunch in Sagar district consists of wheat chapatti; pulses, vegetables and chutney; things which are more easily available and cheap.

 

Dinner:

Again, the main items of dinner which are cooked are chapatti, rice with pulses and vegetables. Rice is main dish the dinner in Durg district and wheat in Sagar district. Wheat is mainly used by the people who have migrated from other states and districts and settled in Chhattisgarh. Wheat is used generally by the local people, both producers and non-producers in Sagar district. Landless households do not consume wheat in dinner, but it is used by large landholders.

 

PATTERN OF CONSUMPTION OF FOOD STUFFS :

Durg District is mainly a rice growing region. That is why rice is a staple food of the people right from breakfast to dinner in all seasons and in almost all rural households throughout the year. Per adult unit daily intake of rice is 406.54 grams in this district (Table 2). But in Sagar District rice intake is just 99.44 grams per capita per day. It is because in Sagar district rice production is very low in comparison to Durg district. Rural people of Sagar district are wheat eater and on an average per capita consumption of wheat in this district is 417.7 grams, more that the rice consumption in Durg district. It is found that less rice is required than wheat to satisfy the hunger of an average man.

 

 

It is remarkable that there is almost no class-wise variation in consumption of staple food stuffs of respective districts. For instance, per capita consumption of rice in Durg district ranges from 403.23 gms among large land holders to 431.06 gms among marginal farmers, giving standard deviation of only 2.6 percent of the mean. Similarly, consumption of wheat in Sagar district varies from 397.16 gms in marginal class to 477.42 gms in semi medium class of cultivators with standard deviation of 8.9 percent of the mean. Contrary to it, there is larger class wise variation in consumption of non-local cereals. Rice consumption in Sagar varies from 81.45 gms in marginal class to 143.14 gms to semi medium class, resulting in standard deviation of 27.6 percent of the mean. Similarly, there is wide variation in wheat consumption (from 46.54 to 102.44 gms) in Durg district.

 

Pattern of Pulses Intake:

Pulses are good source of proteins, vitamin B and carbohydrates. In surveyed area rice (bhat) and chapatti (roti) with pulses (dal) are the main food items from breakfast to dinner. Urad (black gram), mug (green gram) and arhar (tur) are the common pulses grown and used by the villagers. At district level, per capita per day consumption of pulses is 32.55 gms in Durg district and 19.06 grams in Sagar district (Table 2). Production of pulses is small in both districts which manifests in their class wise consumption. Normally 76 grams of pulses are required for an average person. In this respect both districts far behind this average. This is situation when Sagar was surplus pulse producing district in Madhya Pradesh (Sharma 2007). Deficiency is more prominent among marginal, small and medium class of land holders. Standard deviation of per capita consumption of all pulses is 28.6 percent in case of Durg but 71.0 percent in Sagar district. Thus class wise difference in pulse consumption is glaring in Sagar district.

 

Pattern of Vegetables Intake:

In the study area, the average consumption of vegetables per adult unit per day is 108.25 gms in Sagar district and 211gms in Durg (Table 3).  High consumption of green leafy vegetables in Durg district is because of high production of these vegetables locally in comparison to Sagar district. Therefore they are locally available in low prices in all seasons; and hence they constitute the constituent of food by custom (Bhata/Bhaji) of the common men’s meal in Durg district. Very small proportion of cropped area is under vegetables in Sagar which is reflected in their low consumption in the district. Inter class variation is also high in this district in comparison to Durg (Table 3).

 

Pattern of Fruits Intake:

Fruits are the main source of vitamins and minerals. Fruits are costly and it may not be affordable daily, though the need for fruit is an essential item in the food. Seasonal fruits are cheaper than others and are available easily. Mean intake of fruits in the study region is 3-6 gms per day per adult unit. In Sagar District the consumption of fruits is observed higher (5.9 gms) than in (1.47gms) Durg district (Table 3). In both district there is wide variation among different classes of farmers. Usually consumption is high among people of medium and large holdings while marginal and small formers are at bottom in this respect. There seems direct relationship between size of holdings and quantity of consumption.

 

Pattern of Meat, Egg and Fish Intake:

Similar to the fruits, the average per day per adult unit consumption of meat, egg and fishes is very low in these districts. It is 3.69 gms in Sagar district and 5.95 gms in Durg (Table 3). It is just one fourth of the standard requirement (30 gm.) The main reason of low consumption of meat, egg and fish is high cost. Sagar district is lagging far behind Durg district in this respect. Consumption increases with the increasing size of holdings with few exceptions.

 

Intake of Sugar and Jaggery:

Carbohydrate is very important ingredient of food and major source of energy.  In the advanced countries much of the carbohydrate in the diet comes from sugar, while in our country cereals are its principal source. In the surveyed households people take both sugar and jaggery. There is not remarkable difference in consumption of sugar and jiggery in these districts. Per capita consumption is 27.02 grams in Sagar district and 25.43 grams in the Durg District (Table 4). Again there is tendency of increasing quantity of consumption with increasing ownership of land in both districts.

 

Pattern of oil Intake :

The per capita per day consumption of edible oil is very low.  It is 17.06 gms in Sagar and 22.02 gms in Durg district. In spite of the fact that Sagar is one of the major soyabean producers of Madhya Pradesh and soyabean is the first ranking crop of the district, per capita oil consumption is low. Per capita consumption of oil increases from landless class of people to big farmers (Table 4).

 

Pattern of Milk Intake:

In India large quantities of milk and eggs are siphoned off from rural areas to nearby urban markets, causing actual deficit in rural nutritional standard. Milk and milk products are consumed in a very limited quantity in the whole surveyed area. The district level consumption of milk reveals that the average consumption of milk is higher in Sagar district (82.09 grams) than in Durg district (49.03 grams) (Table 4). It is strikingly low among people below medium size class of holdings. Normally, ruralites depend on cows and buffaloes of their own. And because of small piece of land marginal and small farmers face problems in keeping up them.

 

 

Table 3  Pattern of Per Adult Intake of Vegetable, Fruits and Egg / Fish in Sagar and Durg Districts (Per day intake in Grams)

Size of land holding	Vegetables Intake		Fruits Intake		Intake of egg etc
	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg
Land less	102.18	208.38	3.52	1.47	2.24	7.78
Marginal	102.86	202.38	5.47	2.52	2.01	4.55
Small	94.92	200.54	6.35	3.37	2.49	4.16
Medium	99.5	224.58	9.73	7.1	7.16	10.16
Semi-Medium	149.85	223.92	13.93	6.11	6.7	5.21
Large	169.9	255.31	13.69	6.71	11.03	6.23
Average	108.25	211.26	5.87	3.76	3.69	5.95
SD	31.8	20.5	4.4	2.4	3.6	2.3
SD % of mean	26.5	9.4	49.9	52.6	69.1	35.9

Source: Based on Household Survey of 259 families.

 

Table 4 Per Capita Intake of Sugar and Jaggery, Oil and Milk (in gram)

Size of land holding	Sugar and Jaggery		Oil		Milk
	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg
Land less	24.21	20.82	16.43	21.16	59.4	10.56
Marginal	25.04	24.26	16.09	20.86	83.13	41.19
Small	24.21	23.86	14.03	20.66	74.02	51.33
Medium	33.8	27.87	19.97	23.59	121.8	102.87
Semi-Medium	37.01	36.91	23.12	26.45	99.34	26.26
Large	37.3	31.64	25.84	27.62	131.3	129.15
Average	27.02	25.43	17.06	22.02	82.09	49.03

Source: Based on Household Survey of 259 families.

 

 

 

Table 5 Per Capita Intake of Calories, Protein and  Calcium

Size of land holding	Calories (kcal)		protein (grams)		Calcium (mg)
	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg
Land less	2080.70	2107.27	60.02	46.84	345.68	221.19
Marginal	2185.94	2063.88	62.17	46.37	364.52	254.07
Small	2163.45	2131.21	64.86	49.13	363.26	267.82
Medium	2740.79	2177.74	79.72	48.27	488.00	347.62
Semi-Medium	3005.54	2276.95	88.42	50.95	552.96	268.5
Large	2938.30	2457.45	86.02	60.32	575.92	395.69
Average	2308.52	2147.72	72.39	48.71	398.28	272.15

Source: Based on Household Survey of 259 families.

Nutrients and Their functions:

Man needs a wide range of nutrients to perform various functions in the body and lead a healthy life. The nutrients include proteins, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. The foods containing these nutrients which we consume daily are classified as cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products and non-veg. protein carbohydrate and fat are sometimes referred to as proximate principles. They are oxidized in the body to yield energy which the body needs.  Vitamins and minerals do not supply energy but they play an important role in the regulation of the metabolic activity in the body and help in the utilization of the proximate principles. Minerals are also used for the formation of body structure and skeleton.

 

Pattern of Calories Intake:

The calories intake is a measure of the general health of a person because it determines the amount of heat and energy available to the human body. On an average, per capita per day 2400 kcal are required. When food stuffs consumed by the surveyed households are converted into calories it results in lower caloric consumption in both districts than the recommended one. It arrives at 2308.52 kcal in Sagar district (Table 5). Its reason is attributed to their taking of more cereals, but less consumption of pulses, seasonal fruits, milk and eggs, meat, fish etc. The caloric intake in Durg district is 2147.72 kcal which much lower than in Sagar district. This low consumption is because of poor purchasing power of the people who cannot afford to take good meals, vegetables, fruits etc.

 

Pattern of protein Intake:

Protein is an important ingredient for life and useful for development and growth. It is most important for growing children, pregnant and lactating women. Since the study area is dominantly vegetarian, pulses and wheat are the chief sources of protein for them. The average of protein intake is 48.71 grams per capita per day in Durg district and 72.39 gms in Sagar district (Table 5).  The reason for higher protein intake in Sagar district may be that it is predominantly wheat producing and consuming district. The lower consumption of protein in Durg district may be due to predominance of rice and low purchasing power of the people and defective cooking methods. However, intake increases with the increasing capacity of the household expressed in terms of size of holding. People possessing medium and large holdings can afford for protein rich food.

 

Pattern of Calcium Intake:

Calcium is a very essential element in the balanced diet which helps in bone formation. It is essential for children particularly for women in their menstrual stage.  Low calcium intakes have resulted in bone deformation, low eye sight etc. Green leafy vegetables, milk, fish, fruits, cereals etc. are the various sources of calcium.  The intake of calcium per capita per day varies from 270 mg to 400 mg from family to family. At all in Sagar district calcium intake per capita per day is 389.29 mg while in Durg district it is 272.15 mg (Table 5). As discussed earlier, consumption of vegetables, fruits, milk etc, and stuffs rich in calcium by rural people is small, resulting in such low intake (see Table 3). However, intake increases with the increasing ladder in the size class of the land holding. Food of landless people, marginal, small and medium class farmers is deficient in protein, calcium as well as in calories.

 

Pattern of Intake of carbohydrates :

The intake of carbohydrates varies from place to place and from family to family in the study area. The intake per capita per day of carbohydrates in diet varies from 400 to 556 mg with an average of 418.90 mg which is sufficient. High intake of carbohydrates is observed in Durg district, i.e. 438.03 mg per capita per day. The reason behind this is heavy intake of food stuffs rich in carbohydrates like rice. Intake is 399.77 mg in Sagar district. With the increasing quantity of carbohydrate rich food along with the size of holdings its intake also increases. Landless people have lowest intake while semi-medium and large landlords have high intake of carbohydrate (Table 6).

 

Table 6 Per Capita Intake of carbohydrates ,Fat and Iron

Size of holding	carbohydrates (grams)		Fat (grams)		Iron (mg)
	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg
Land less	392.65	429.16	27.10	26.51	24.94	20.86
Marginal	412.8	414.07	29.54	26.21	26.66	20.07
Small	413.86	422.54	26.50	27.46	26.50	22.00
Medium	514.47	417.56	39.50	32.34	32.39	21.14
Semi-Medium	555.84	442.29	46.57	32.78	36.42	22.37
Large	510.78	480.78	37.95	37.97	36.55	26.06
Average	399.77	438.03	30.46	28.64	28.03	21.43

Table 7 Per Capita Intake of Vitamin A, Riboflavin and Thiamin

 

 

Pattern of fat Intake:

The fat intake is a measure of the general health of a person because it determines the amount of heat and energy needed by the human body. On-an average, the per capita per day intake of 29-30 mg fat is short of the required norm of 40mg. Intake of fat is higher in Sagar district (30.46 mg) than in Durg district (28.64 mg). It is expression of the difference in consumption of oil and ghee by the people of these districts. Per capita consumption of milk is much higher in Sagar district than in Durg district. Direct relationship between size of holdings and intake of fats is very evident in both of the districts (Table 6).

 

Pattern of Iron Intake:

The intake of iron also varies spatially and socially in the study area. The intake per capita per day of iron in diet varies from 20 to 30 mg which is not sufficient. High intake of iron is observed in Sagar District, i.e. 28.03mg per capita per day.  But it is in district Durg, i.e. 21.43 mg (Table 6).The reason behind this is low intake of food stuffs rich in iron such as green vegetables and also the ignorance of rural people for balanced diet. Inter class difference is associated with the capacity of the people.

 

Pattern of Vitamin An Intake:

This is very essential vitamin for good health and for resistance power of the body. The major sources of vitamin A in the area are spinach (palak), cabbage, pumpkin, carrot, mangoes and papaya etc. The per capita per day intake of Vitamin A in diet varies from 450 to 600µg, which is not satisfactory.  As far as consumption of vitamin A is concerned the high intake is reported in Sagar district i.e. 601.14µg while it is low i.e. 456.40µg in Durg district. This is because of low intake of food stuffs rich in Vitamin A like green vegetables, egg, butter, cheese, mango, papaya, liver. Intake of vitamin A is lowest among landless people and highest among big farmers (Table 7). Malnutrition and under nutrition mainly occurs due to lack of vitamins and minerals in the diet, as a result they are not aware of the scientific importance of a balanced diet (Shivhare, J.P.).

 

Pattern of Riboflavin/B2 Intake:

The intake of Riboflavin per capita per day varies from 0.70 mg to 2.22 mg with an average of 1.50 mg. District level consumption of Riboflavin varies from 0.78 mg  Durg district to 2.22 mg in Sagar district (Table 7). Riboflavin intake is not found satisfactory in these districts. The reason behind this is that wheat, pulses and vegetables are the only source of Riboflavin in this study area. The rich sources of this vitamin like fruits, fishes, milk and milk products etc are not available easily and cheaply to the rural people.

 

Pattern of Thiamine (B1) Intake:

Thiamin formally is known as the anti-beriberi vitamin.  Unmilled cereals, pulses, oilseeds and groundnut are the main sources of this vitamin. Rural diet basically depends on cereals which is the main source of thiamine. Therefore, thiamine content is more or less satisfactory in the diet. The average per capita per day intake is low, and varies from 0.60 to 1.05 mg in the study area. On average, thiamine intake per capita per day is 1.05 mg in Sagar district and 0.68 mg in Durg district (Table 7).

 

Pattern of Niacin Intake:

Average niacin intake in surveyed region is 12-24 mg per capita per day which is less than recommended standard (25mg).  Intake of niacin is very near to the recommended amount in Sagar district (24.23 mg per capita per day), while it is much lower in Durg district (12.79 mg). The trend of increasing intake of niacin with increasing size of holdings persists here also (Table 8).

 

Table 8 per Capita Intake of Niacin and Vitamin C

Size of land holding	Niacin (mg)		Vitamin C (mg)
	Sagar	Durg	Sagar	Durg
Land less	21.58	12.47	24.33	46.39
Marginal	21.99	12.33	25.14	45.07
Small	23.98	12.65	22.87	42.18
Medium	29.37	12.49	26.33	51.93
Semi- Medium	30.23	13.42	37.96	49.56
Large	29.28	15.82	42.69	52.63
Average	24.23	12.79	26.52	46.28

 

 

Pattern of Vitamin C Intake:

The per capita per day intake of Vitamin C in diet varies from 26 to 50 mg with an average of 36.40 mg which is not satisfactory. High intake of Vitamin C is observed in Durg district, i.e. 46.28 mg per capita per day, while it is

low in Sagar District, i.e. 26.52mg (Table 8). The reason behind this low intake is very little consumption of acidic fruit in Vitamin C like orange, leman. It is pertinent to mention that lemon is common in rural areas but due to ignorance regarding balance diet and rich food it is consumed occasionally. It is common in almost in all classes of the people.

 

Nutrients Deficiency:

It is seen that consumption of cereals is sufficient in both of the districts. But in terms of nutrients, most of the households have deficient calorie and protein intake. This is because the intake in a particular region depends mostly on the production of food crops in that region. Most of the rural people rarely supplement their food by purchasing food stuffs from outside. The purchasing power of rural people usually depends on the size of the land holdings and only people of medium and large classes can afford to purchase supplementary food items from markets. It indicates that the size of the holdings and therefore the income of household can positively be correlated with the calorie and protein intake.Perhaps the most important nutrition problem that is still not fully solved is that of meeting the calorie and protein requirements of man. Calorie and protein nutrition for young children is the main nutritional problem of the region and calorie and protein malnutrition, if both its direct and indirect effects are considered, is a major source of ill health. As far as nutritional deficiency is concerned the poverty and ignorance of the rural area (Sharma, Ranjana; 2000).

 

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS:

From the preceding discussion it is evident that under nutrition is widely prevalent in rural areas of Sagar and Durg districts. It may be due to low economic status, low availability of foods, tradition, ignorance etc. But on district level, in terms of the intake of nutrients, Sagar district is in better position as compared to Durg district. Sagar district is above the Durg Districts with respect to the intake of nutritional contents like protein, vitamins, calcium etc.  On the other hand, Durg district has low intake of protein, calcium and vitamin A, Riboflavin along with thiamine. Position of landless people and marginal and small farmers is miserable. Situation improves with the increasing size of land holdings. Thus it may be concluded that there is urgency of creating awareness about the balance diet among rural people. In certain cases people have food items but they fail to consume them to enrich their food. The requirements of cereals of poor rural people are supposed to be met by the shops of public distribution system. But other food stuffs required for balanced diet are not available with these shops and people have to purchase from open market. Therefore opportunities of earning should be increased for increasing the purchasing power and at the same time prices of food items should be controlled and kept within the reach of the rural people. On long range, production of high nutritional value food crops, vegetables and fruits, production milk and consumption of milk and milk products should be encouraged. For this purpose, government officials, particularly health department, agricultural university professionals, NGOs all should jointly take the initiatives.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author expresses his sincere gratitude to  former Prof. S.K. Sharma (Department of Geography, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar M.P. ) and former Prof. M.P. Gupta (S.O.S. in Geography Pt. Ravishakar Shukla University, Raipur)  for this editing, suggestions and comments on the earlier draft of this paper.

 

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3.        Sharma, S.K. (2007): Status of Food Security in Madhya Pradesh. The Geographer (Aligarh), Vol. 54, No. 1, 2007, Pp81-93.

4.        Gole, Uma (2003): Agricultural Development and Nutritional Level in Musturi Tahsil: A Geographical Study, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur (C.G.).

5.        Gole, Uma (2005) Evaluation o Rural Nutrition in Chhattisgarh, Indian Geographer (Muzaffarpur), Vol.I, No.2, 2005 Pp 80-88.

6.        Thakurata, Anuradha Guha (2007): Quality of Life in Rural Chhattisgarh Plain, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur.

7.        Dabhadkar, Kaveri (2012): Nutritional Status of Coal Mine Workers of Korba Coal Region, National Geographical Journal of India, Vol.58, Pts.3, Sept.2012, pp.115-122.

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Received on 11.08.2014        Modified on 05.09.2014

Accepted on 26.09.2014        © A&V Publication all right reserved